Los casos de Dr. Pepe – Caso de Diploma 14 (Resuelto)
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Hallazgos: La radiografía PA muestra un aumento del tamaño de los hilios sugerente de hipertensión arterial pulmonar.
Como signos clásicos de hipertensión pulmonar se toma la medida de la arteria interlobar derecha (línea roja) que debe ser inferior a 16 mm. También se puede objetivar un aumento del tamaño arterial respecto del bronquio (flecha). Los hallazgos sugieren una hipertensión pulmonar sin poder ofrecer información sobre la etiología. El parénquima pulmonar es normal y no hay un aumento destacado de cavidades cardíacas que sugieran patología pulmonar o cardíaca como causa de la hipertensión.
La TC muestra signos de HT pulmonar y de tromboembolismo pulmonar crónico.
Los signos de hipertensión pulmonar en este caso son:
Signos vasculares
Aumento del diámetro del tronco de la pulmonar (> 29 mm) (Fig. 1A). Si este dato se asocia a una relación arteria/bronquio segmentario mayor de 1 al menos en tres lóbulos la especificidad llega casi al 100% (Fig. 1 B). Por otra parte el tronco de la pulmonar no debe ser mayor que la aorta ascendente.
Signos en el parénquima pulmonar
Patrón en mosaico: áreas parcheadas de aumento y disminución de la densidad (Fig. 2). Se observa con mayor frecuencia en la hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica.
Signos cardíacos
Alteraciones en las cavidades derechas en los casos de HTP evolucionada; dilatación de las cavidades derechas, hipertrofia del ventrículo derecho (Fig. 3), si el grosor de su pared libre excede los 4 mm. Con frecuencia puede existir un pequeño derrame pericárdico.
Diagnóstico final: Hipertensión pulmonar por tromboembolismo crónico.
El tromboembolismo pulmonar crónico se produce por la resolución incompleta, por causas desconocidas, del tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo, los problemas resultantes se esquematizan en la figura:
Vamos a ver imágenes de las alteraciones que se producen en las arterias pulmonares en el tromboembolismo pulmonar crónico:
OBSTRUCCIÓN TOTAL
OBSTRUCCIÓN PARCIAL
OBSTRUCCIÓN PARCIAL
ANEURISMAS POSTESTENÓTICOS
CALCIFICACIÓN DE LOS TROMBOS
AUMENTO DE CIRCULACIÓN SISTÉMICA
Ante la sospecha de hipertensión pulmonar la TC tiene un papel importante pudiendo sugerir en ocasiones la causa. La clasificación mas reciente de la hipertensión pulmonar (2013) establece 5 grupos:
1) Hipertensión arterial pulmonar. Incluye la idiopática, asociada a fármacos, conectivopatías,
HIV, hipertensión portal y la asociada a cardiopatías congénitas.
2) Hipertensión pulmonar debida a patología de cavidades cardíacas izquierdas.
3) Hipertensión pulmonar debida a enfermedad pulmonar y/o hipoxia (enfermedades intersticiales, trastornos del sueño, etc.).
4) Hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica.
5) Hipertensión pulmonar con mecanismo poco claro o multifactorial (trastornos hematológicos, enfermedades sistémicas como histiocitosis, sarcoidosis).
La mayoría de la patología valvular y de las anomalías congénitas cardiacas se van a detectar por ecocardiografía pero hay cierta patología que puede pasar desapercibida y es la que deberemos ir a buscar en la TC.
La TC puede orientar hacia el diagnóstico etiológico de los grupos 2, 3 y 4 (como ocurre en nuestro paciente del grupo 4). En un estudio de TC de hipertensión pulmonar deberemos valorar sistemáticamente:
– patología del parénquima pulmonar (patología intersticial…)
– revisión las cavidades cardiacas (ver dilataciones de cavidades, hipertrofia)
– estudio de las venas pulmonares, para detectar drenajes venosos anómalos (que con frecuencia se asocian a comunicaciones interauriculares)
– estudio de posible persistencia del ductus
– valoración de las arterias pulmonares para descartar tromboembolismo pulmonar crónico
Vamos a ver algunos casos representativos:
Caso 1. Paciente de 32 años fumador, con disnea. La TC muestra signos de hipertensión pulmonar con aumento del tronco de la pulmonar (asterisco) respecto a la aorta ascendente. El parénquima presenta multuples imágenes quísticas siendo, en el contexto, sugestivo de Granuloma de células de Langerhans (Histiocitosis X).
Caso 2. Paciente varón de 74 años con disnea a grandes esfuerzos de 3 años de evolución. En la placa vemos signos de HTP con aumento del tamaño hiliar.
Caso 2. La TC detecta: signos de HTP con un aumento del tronco de la pulmonar (línea negra); un drenaje venoso anómalo parcial (flechas) a la vena cava superior (asterisco) creando un shunt izquierda- derecha pues la vena debería drenar en la aurícula izquierda). En un 50% de casos estos drenajes se asocian con comunicaciones interaurículares (especialmente del tipo seno venoso, que son más difíciles de detectar en la ecocardiografía transtorácica).
Caso 2. Vemos una imagen tubular entre las aurículas sugestiva de la CIA (flechas azules), y una dilatación e hipertrofia del VD (flechas blancas). La ecocardiografía transesofágica confirmó la existencia de una CIA tipo seno venoso.
El aspecto de los hilios en la hipertensión pulmonar difiere del aumento hiliar debido al crecimiento de adenopatías hiliares bilaterales (típicas en la sarcoidosis). Las adenopatías dan generalmente en la placa PA, un aspecto lobulado de los hilios; si son abundantes la clave está en la placa lateral, al mostrar una opacidad de densidad agua rodeando los bronquios centrales a modo de “Donut” (flechas blancas). En muchas ocasiones vemos además signos de adenopatías mediastínicas como ocurre en este caso que muestra convexidad en la ventana aortopulmonar (flecha roja):
Los consejos de Dr. Pepe y de la Dra Castañer:
1. Los signos de HTP en la placa pueden ser la primera señal de alerta de esta patología con síntomas muy inespecíficos.
2. En el TC con signos de HTP deberemos buscar posibles causas:
Patología del parénquima pulmonar
Drenajes venosos anómalos (asociados con frecuencia a CIA); imágenes sugestivas de CIA) persistencia del ductus.
Signos de tromboembolismo pulmonar crónico.
pulmonary arterial hypertension
Hope a few more people answer before joining the discussion.
If not, final diagnosis on Friday.
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Mediastinal athelectasia
De acuerdo con el primer comentario. Aumento de los hilios pulmonares: Hipertensión pulmonar. La causa podría ser por enfisema? parece un tórax en tonel y el parénquima muestra cierto patrón reticular y alguna bronquiectasia.
Saludos y Aupa Athletic!!
Esta noche veremos; pero me temo que el Barça va a ganar la Copa.
Bronquiectasias centrales y hipertensión pulmonar. Un síndrome congénito?
Se identifican los hilios prominentes y la vasculatura pulmonar periferica cortada, con imagen de arbol podado, sugestiva de Hipertension pulmonar.Hay aumento del diametro anteroposterior del torax y aplanamiento de hemidiafragmas que sugeriria EPOC.
Pra mim parece o hilo em batata da sarcoidose.
For me looks like potato nodes from sarcoidosis.
No mediastinal nodes and no subcarinal nodes (donut sign). These argue against sarcoidosis.
Veo que todos estáis de acuerdo y habéis escogido el diagnóstico correcto.
Felicidades.
HTP. Secuelas de TEP crónico
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Cardiomegalia: un tamaño aumentado de la silueta cardíaca sugiere la posibilidad de cardiomegalia. Patrón reticular intersticial: se observa un patrón reticular difuso en ambos campos pulmonares, lo que indica un proceso intersticial.
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Great case study, Dr. Pepe! I appreciate the detailed breakdown and the step-by-step approach you provided. This case was an excellent example of the importance of looking at subtle radiologic signs and connecting them to clinical findings. The final diagnosis was insightful and helped clarify the reasoning process for solving complex cases. Looking forward to more cases and learning opportunities!
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